Solar harvest

Solar harvest (or solar panel output) is how much energy you can get from your solar panels. The amount of energy varies based on a number of factors.

"In theory, Imp × Vmp = panel Watts. There's an awful lot in the real world that can affect that."

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For various reasons, your panels will only rarely put out their full rated power.

One reason for this is the power needs somewhere to go: unless you are in Bulk stage or are running big loads, full power isn't needed so full power isn't generated.

The other big reason is that power ratings are derived from testing under specific lab conditions known as Standard Testing Conditions (STC). The standard lab test is at:

• A cell temperature of 25C, which would be an ambient temperature of about 0C (freezing). Panel voltage decreases significantly as cell temperature increases.
• 1000w of insolation per square meter of panel. That is the amount of sun when the sun is directly overhead on a clear day. Insolation maps will estimate how much sun various regions get. This is what a panel's efficiency refers to: the percentage of 1000w the panel can harvest per square meter of surface area.

A situation where you might get the panel's rated power (or even a bit more!) would be when the sun is directly overhead on a cold, clear day at high altitude. Least power would be produced on a hot, overcast day when the sun is low on the horizon.

Because the difference between lab and actual conditions is so large, some manufacturers also publish Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) specs, a derated (lowered) set of specs which may (or may not) be more indicative of what you will see in your use case.

In practical terms, it's common to see a maximum of 75% of STC under good conditions, more under great conditions, and much less under poor solar conditions. And about half of that in winter.

Geographic location and season

Your location and season both have profound effects on solar harvest. For example, Phoenix, Arizona, has over 8.5× the amount of solar power available in summer as Seattle Washington in the winter. As a general rule, depending on your latitude, winter harvest will be about half of summer harvest.

You can estimate solar harvest using models like PVwatts.

Lack of demand

Solar panels do not push power; they respond to the solar charge controller's demand as it tries to meet your present needs. When those needs are minimal (battery already charged, small loads) the controller and panels will be loafing.

Charge controller type

Due to their design, PWM and shunt charge controllers will very rarely allow the panel to run at max output for given conditions. The lower the battery voltage (Vbatt) the lower the panel voltage (Vpanel), therefore the lower the power output.((Vpanel * ~Imp = P)) The output can be increased somewhat by tweaking battery voltages higher.

MPPT controllers can run the panel at max output when needed, but are much more expensive.

Overpaneling

Perhaps counterintuitively, setups with more solar panels may see lower peak outputs than smaller setups. This occurs because the overpaneled systems can get the bank charged before local solar noon when maximal harvest can be observed. This is a feature, not a bug. Overpaneled systems are built to meet needs under less-than-optimal conditions. If you want to see Big Numbers, start a huge load at local solar noon under good solar conditions.

Wiring losses

Long runs of wire between the panel and controller can result in losses that make the panel appear to be putting out less power. In reality, the lost power has been converted to heat from resistance in the wiring. Solutions:

• use shorter wire runs (locate electrical components closer to each other)
• use thicker wire
• prefer higher voltage panels
• if multiple panels, run them in serial instead of parallel to decrease carried current

Panel temperature

Solar panels are dark in color and get very hot. Unfortunately, voltage (and therefore power) output decreases as panel temperature increases. This is the reason an air gap between the panels and the camper's roof is recommended to allow cooling airflow.

This table from this calculator, show power from a 100W mono/poly panel dropping off as ambient temps rise:

Ambient temp F	Ambient temp C	Derated power
32F	0.0C	97w
40F	4.4C	95w
50F	10.C	92w
60F	15.6C	90w
70F	21.1C	87w
80F	26.7C	84w
90F	32.2C	82w
100F	37.8C	79w
110F	43.3C	76w

So a snowbird who "chases 60" will be losing ~10% of panel output during the warmest part of the day. Snowbirds chasing 70 will be losing ~13% of panel output.

Note: sub-freezing temperatures can push Voc/Vmp above their rated values. If you will use solar in sub-freezing conditions leave plenty Voc headroom in your solar charge controller spec.

Note: that radiated heat from the underside of panels can raise temperatures inside the camper.

Solar panel cleanliness

According to lab testing, dusty panels cause a derating of 5%-6%.

zenith angle

The sun will climb in the sky until it reaches its highest point for the day (local solar noon), then will start dropping again. This affects how much power you can harvest:

(external image)

For a given latitude and time of day the sun's location in the sky is calculable and can give you the cosine of solar zenith angle ("cosine" hereafter).. You can use the cosine to understand how much power your system might put out.

Examples: if you have 200w of panels, your mppt controller typically yields 83% after derating, and the calculated cosine is .70 then you might expect ~116w in clear conditions at that time in that location. (200 x .83 x .7 = 116.2).

Another way of thinking about this is that panel ratings are given for 1,000w/meter². At that time and place only 700w/meter² land on the panel. (1000 x .70 = 700)

Tip: you can work backwards from cosine calculations and observed power harvests to find your system's overall efficiency in different conditions.

paradox of big solar

All other things being equal, peak harvest will happen at local solar noon when the sun is highest in the sky.

This leads to a paradox: some systems with relatively large arrays will have completed Bulk charging before solar noon and so do not have the chance to demonstrate full output. In this scenario a smaller array could theoretically show higher peak output power but could not produce more overall Wh over the course of the day than the larger array.

insolation

Insolation((In**coming **Sol**ar Radi**ation)) is the the amount of solar power reaching the panels. This can be affected by:

• • short term
  • angle at which rays strikes the panel (angle of incidence) due to time of day. At low angles effectively less panel area is exposed to sunlight.
  • amount of atmosphere the rays have to penetrate (less at solar noon, more at other times or anytime sun is relatively lower on the horizon)
  • clouds
  • rain, fog
  • air quality: \\ smoke,
  • altitude (total irradiance ~+2.67%/1000')
  • humidity
  • long term - roughly speaking, you can expect ~half the harvest in winter compared to summer
  • solar angle due to time of year.
  • hours of seasonal daylight

Even the altitude and type of clouds can affect harvest:

> in addition to total sky cover, cloud type is a significant factor in determining the reduction in solar radiation. In particular high, thin cirriform clouds are significantly less effective in reducing solar radiation than are lower, thicker clouds.

(external image)Based on lux measurements, we can estimate how sky clarity/brightness affects the amount of power theoretically available to the panel. Takeaways: overcast skies greatly reduce output, and there is no meaningful power available at sunrise/sunset.

Also see these anecdotal observations.

Latitude affects both the angle (incidence) of sun to the panels and, to a lesser degree, seasonal hours of daylight. Greater latitudes (closer to the north pole for the US) will have lower overall insolation averages than lesser latitudes. They will have more extreme variation in insolation between summer and winter. The most striking example of this is when those regions have 24hr sun in summer and 24hr night in winter.

effects of insolation on power output

(external image)Poor insolation affects panel amps (Ipanel) radically but panel volts (Vpanel) stay stable until insolation is very low (like <=20%).

This means any power generated at very low levels of insolation will likely be trivial. Increasing panel Voc to try to get more power in marginal conditions may not be effective. Consider overpaneling instead.

using PVWatts to find FSE and daily harvest

this subsection has been moved here

insolation maps

Insolation maps attempt to combine the effects of the variables above to estimate hours of full sun equivalent (FSE) per day for large areas. This can be helpful when planning moves around the country.

Areas with atmospheric extremes will be outliers when compared against other locations at their latitude. Oregon and Washing, for example are low insolation outliers because of the famously drizzly weather. Phoenix and the southwest are high insolation outliers because of an unusual percentage of sunny days.

worst month

US insolation zones

cities FSE by month

Canadian FSE

Derated output X FSE

You can multiply your panels' temperature derated output by the hours of full sun equivalent to get an idea of the maximum harvest you can expect from the panels.

Example:

• In April, Salt Lake City has an average high of 61F.
• 100w of panel @ 61F = 90w
• SLC has 5.57 hours of Full Sun equivalent per day in April
• 90w * 5.57hrs = 501.3Wh
• 501.3Wh / 13 = 38.5Ah produced on average every day.

shade

Partial shade in good sun can have a drastic effect on panel output. This is because panels are made of strings of individual solar cells; having some strings turned "on" and some "off" (to prevent reversing current into the shaded cells) can result in dramatic power reduction.

This effect can be attenuated somewhat by panel design (bypass diodes), parallel rather than serial panel connections when using PWM controllers, use of amorphous (thin-film) panels, and the use serial rather than parallel panel connections of MPPT controllers.

Solar magnifiers

(external image) Some conditions can cause an effective magnification of solar power, the opposite of shade in a way. This is usually caused by reflection of previously-uncaptured light onto the panels; the panels are receiving both normal direct light and the additional reflected light at the same time. Since panels are rated at a lab standard 1000w/meter² , this multiplication of available light can cause the panels to make more than their rated power, and can cause current and/or voltage to rise beyond rated specs.

Examples:

• reflection from bodies of water
• intentional reflection from reflectors (as on a solar farm)
• reflection off snow
• edge-of-cloud effect, where sunlight that would otherwise land far away elsewhere is reflected by clouds "near" the sun onto the panels. This is a relatively rare phenomenon, most often observable in overcast when there is a small break in thick clouds between the sun and panels.

Solar panel tilt

Insolation figures are given for flat surfaces (like flat-mounted panels). This means when the sun is low in the sky and skies are clear not overcast -- see below, you may be able to increase solar yield by tilting the panels toward the sun. In effect the panel is more perpendicular to the sun so it can capture maximal solar energy.

Pro:

• +30% daily harvest is possible, depending on the sun's position
• can be used to increase harvest if roof space is maxxed (cannot add more panel)

Con:

• setup and takedown time/effort. Tilt might be more practical for people who stay in one place for longer periods rather than moving every couple of days. One's ability to drive off quickly might be impeded.
• with vehicle-mounted panels, the requirement to park at a particular angle in the campsite
• tilt advantage is greatest when available power is least (ie, the sun's position in the sky is lowest), as in winter, high latitudes, morning/afternoon, etc. So if you have a 200w array that averages 75w** when the sun is low in the winter adding tilt could make the array behave like a 260w array making **98w.
• tilt has minimal effect when sunlight is indirect (rain, overcast, fog, haze, etc) .

Optimum aiming involves both tracking the suns elevation above the horizon (zenith) and tracking the sun's east-to-west travel (azimuth). Doing both can increase yield ~30% but requires frequent repositioning throughout the day.

Leaving panel tilt in a reasonable default is more common and has milder yield improvements. In this approach the panel is aimed at true south at a particular angle from perpendicular (ie, flat panel) depending on time of year and latitude.

Tilt angles calculated by solarpaneltilt.com. 30 degrees latitude is near the southern border of the US; 45 degrees latitude is near the northern border. Further reading Solar panel tilt experiments

Videos

• What effect does temperature have on solar panels? -- AltE YT video
• Blocking and Bypass diodes -- AltE YT video
• What effect does shading have on solar panels? -- AltE YT video
• How to wire shaded solar panels -- AltE YT video

Resources

	Resource	Description
	Variation in harvest by region and season	Analysis of variation in solar harvest (PV panel output) by season and geographic area.
	Search forums and groups	Search van life discussion groups for "solar harvest"
	Search related sites	Search van life sites for "solar harvest"
	Search NomadLife.wiki	Search other pages on this wiki for "solar harvest"

Observations by user seccessus

• Rated = the actual panel rating in watts under Standard Test Conditions.
• MPPT theoretical = 82% of rated, allowing for 5% DC-DC losses and 13% temperature derating at 70deg F ambient.

In my case, Rated is 570w and MPPT theoretical is 467w. Overpaneled configurations (relatively high panel watt to battery Ah ratio) tend have two main features:

• improved charging in adverse conditions
• apparent low output in normal conditions - this occurs because the batteries are typically in Absorption with battery charging demand dropping by solar noon; there is rarely an opportunity to demonstrate full output.

• full sun normal
  • 305w, 54% of rated
• bright sun through thin / cirrus clouds, shadows thrown
  • 312w at 11am, sea level. 55% of rated, 67% of theoretical.
• bright overcast, sun is completely occluded but too bright to look at comfortably, no open sky, no shadows - 25% of rated, 67% of theoretical
• 150w spiking to 200w in light rain (26-31% of rated, 33-44% of theoretical mppt)
• overcast, can look at sun's assumed position - 20% of rated
  • 125w, 22% of rated
  • 100w, 18% of rated
  • 75w, 13% of rated
• dark overcast, cannot locate sun - 10% of rated
• exceptionally low yield - less than 5% of rated
  • thunderstorms, typically 10W, less than 2% of rated.

Correlation with available direct light This is harder to grasp and compute, but increases accuracy by factoring in location, time, etc. It cannot account for indirect light by refraction, reflection, etc. The contribution of indirect light is considered to be +15% in clear skies.

• find solar zenith angle with app or calculator
• derive cosine of the above; this is the percentage of direct sunlight landing on a flat surface
• multiply this value by panel wattage
  • the result is the theoretical direct light available at that time/place under clear skies.((since MPPT-based system losses typically are -15% and indirect lighting is +15%, an MPPT-based system might make this direct-light power level under clear skies.))

I have observed the following cosine-based direct light percentages:

• clear skies: 98% of theoretical direct sun
• bright overcast skies (shadows thrown): 82% of theoretical direct sun
• overcast: 58% of theoretical direct sun

Ununsual scenarios

• exceptionally high yield, 90% of rated 519w at in February in Quartzsite @ noon, ~500' elevation. 91% of rated, 114% of theoretical. I've seen 500w+ out of 570w rarely, maybe 3x in two years off grid so far (before I increased array to 750w)
• wildfire smoke - 8.98W at noon, sea level. 1.5% of rated, 1.9% of theoretical during September 2020 wildfires in Oregon.

Resources

	Resource	Description
	Variation in harvest by region and season	Analysis of variation in solar harvest (PV panel output) by season and geographic area.
	Search forums and groups	Search van life discussion groups for "solar harvest"
	Search related sites	Search van life sites for "solar harvest"
	Search NomadLife.wiki	Search other pages on this wiki for "solar harvest"

Some or all of the content on this page was originally sourced from this page on RVWiki

Some or all of the content on this page was originally sourced from this page on RVWiki